Friday, May 15, 2020

Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Philanthropy

Topic 3: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Corporate Philanthropy Why some firms are more committed to corporate philanthropy than others? 1. Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a topic under spotlight in recent years, firms become more committed to involve in corporate philanthropy by giving away gifts or monetary contributions to social and charitable causes. However, different firms tend to have a different level of commitment towards corporate philanthropy, which means that some firms are more committed to corporate philanthropy than others. Therefore, this essay discusses why some firms are more committed to corporate philanthropy than others by analyzing the motives of the firms on the individual level, firm level and field level. 2. Definition of Corporate Philanthropy and the Relationship with CSR Corporate philanthropy can be defined as donating a portion of its resources to a social cause by a business enterprise (Ricks Peters, 2013). Gautier and Pache (2013) also define corporate philanthropy as voluntary donations of corporate resources to charitable causes and for public purposes. Speaking of the relationship between corporate philanthropy and CSR, some scholars suggest that corporate philanthropy is a precursor of CSR (Gautier Pache, 2013) and is a component of the larger domain of CSR (Wang Qian, 2011). Thus, given that corporate philanthropy is a component of CSR, by referring and studying some academic journals that areShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Responsibility773 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate social responsibility may also be referred to as corporate citizenship and can involve spending finances that do not directly benefit the company but rather advocate positive social and environmental change. The soul in the next economy forum presentation made it evident that achieving corporate social responsibly in a company can reap major benefits in terms of finances, more inspiring workplace and customer satisfaction. In the past, companies mistakenly thought that corporate socialRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) Encompasses Business Practices Involving Actions988 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) encompasses business practices involving actions that benefit the organization and the stakeholders, which comprises of the society (Schermerhorn, 2012). â€Å"CSR is becoming more mainstream because pioneer companies are embedding sustainability into the core of their business operations to create shared values collectively for business and society.† - Liz Maw Understanding Microsoft’s Corporate Social Responsibilities MicrosoftRead MoreHow Businesses Can Incorporate Csr Into Their Business Model1619 Words   |  7 Pagesways businesses can incorporate CSR into their business model. Introduction: Many large corporations are taking corporate social responsibility into account and making it a part of their everyday schedule. Over the past decades, there have been increasing concerns for general society that many businesses have little concern for the consumer and they care nothing about the deteriorating social order. But these days’ companies are encouraging employees to volunteer and make a difference in surroundingRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of India Essay1669 Words   |  7 Pages CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN INDIA â€Å"Crossing the Bridge from Knowing to doing† Jasleen Kaur Luthra* â€Å"Successful people have a social responsibility to make the world a better place and not just take from it.† Carie Underwood Abstract The 21st century is characterized by unprecedented challenges and opportunities, arising from globalization, the desire forRead MoreAn Organization s Corporate Social Responsibility957 Words   |  4 Pages An organization’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) drives them to look out for the different interests of society. Most business corporations undertake responsibility for the impact of their organizational pursuits and various activities on their customers, employees, shareholders, communities and the environment. With the high volume of general competition between different companies and organizations in varied fields, CSR has become a morally imperative commitment, more than one enforcedRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pageshave a responsibility to give back to the customers they serve and the communities they operate in. Today, many organizations have realized the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in resp onse to consumers and stakeholders becoming more mindful of social issues. Corporate social responsibility has continued to change and grow. It can be difficult to define CSR because it takes on a variety of social, economic, political and environmental formats depending on the business. Corporate socialRead MoreThe Second Phase Indian Csr ( 1914-1960 )1363 Words   |  6 Pageswhich was consolidation and amplification of social development. During the whole period of struggle for freedom, Indian businesses proactively engaged in the process of reformation. Not only did firms see the country’s economic development as a protest against colonial rule, they also participated in its institutional and social development (India Partnership Forum 2002, 11). The vision of a free and modern India stimulated the involvement of corporate sector. Gandhi introduced the notion of trusteeshipRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of Cigna Corporation902 Words   |  4 PagesCorporation social responsibility, to see if they contribute to society through good business practices, by providing good work environment, good citizenship and solving social issues. We will incorporate terms such as sustainability, strategic philanthropy, cause marketing, shared value, stakeholders, and global perspective. We will see if Cigna Corporation really following the corporation social responsibility of the 21st century. According to the article, Corporate Social Responsibility in the 21stRead MoreSouthwest Airlines : Corporate Social Responsibility809 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognized for their corporate social responsibility initiatives is Southwest Airlines. Southwest is a successful organization that perfectly blends operational focus with social obligations which translates into increased revenue and customer support. For several years, Southwest Airlines received recognition as one of the 100 Best Corporate Citizens by Corporate Responsibility Magazine (Corporate, 2015). Analyzing Southwest Airlines’ commitment to corporate social responsibility will demonstrateRead MoreUnit 37 Task M11495 Words   |  6 Pagesexplaining how my business (Ben and Jerry’s) could change or alter some of its practices and showing how these changes would contribute to improved ethical behaviour. The ethical issues I will be working on are CSR and trading fairly. Corporate social responsibility: Businesses do not exist in isolation nor is it simply just to make money; a lot of factors come into play. Customers, suppliers and the local community are all affected by the business and its operations. Ben and Jerry’s products, and

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

How Far Can It Be Argued That Popular Culture Is...

The Marxist concept of ideology is used to express the way in which the dominant group in a society controls the norms and values of that society at the level of ideas. As they own and direct the production of popular cultural products the dominant group are able to present their ideas as both normal and natural and `so mystify the `real conditions of existence (Hall.1992.p348). In this way the group holding power exercises maximum control with the minimum of conflict. The general population accepts the status quo as inevitable, and revolution is avoided. While Marxists view this as a matter of Capitalist control, Feminists see ideological domination as the means by which women are encouraged to accept a subordinate role in patriarchal†¦show more content†¦Feminist theory shares much common ground with Marxism and many of the ideas of European Marxists have been appropriated and used by feminists. It has been suggested that this is particularly true of the ideas of Althus ser and Gramsci (Gramman and Marshment in Strinati.1995.p180). Both of these theorists place emphasis on the idea of ideology as a means of control. Althusser suggests that ideology is not merely inherent in popular cultural practices but becomes `material practice (Storey.1998.p97) and a part of daily existence. For Althusser ideology is found in the customs, traditions and patterns of behaviour of everyday life in such a way that social actors are not aware of their participation in the acceptance and propagation of the ideas of the most powerful group in society. Using Althussers theories feminists may suggest that a tradition such as the celebration of Mothers Day can be seen as valourizing that particular role for women, while failing to recognize any other. This may lead women to see the maternal role as the most important one for them in society, thus serving the interests of the dominant male group by encouraging women not only to become mothers, but also to assume the po sition of primary child carers. Such an interpretation suggests that many traditions and customs are to a large extent ideological.Show MoreRelatedThe Bachelor And The Construction And Destruction Of The Fantasy Romance3051 Words   |  13 PagesThe Bachelor and the Construction and Destruction of the Fantasy Romance Reality TV shows, especially dating programs, has become a popular culture phenomenon status globally in the past few decades. The media have taken advantage of this trend to incorporate them into their mainstream programming in order to maximize profits from the intense followership it attracts among various audiences. This popularity has also captured the interest of many scholars and researchers who seek to identify why suchRead Morecrime and deviance4817 Words   |  20 Pagesinfluencing choice of topic, choice of method(s) and the conduct of research. Theories Consensus, conflict, structural and social action theories. The concepts of modernity and post-modernity in relation to sociological theory. The nature of science and the extent to which sociology can be regarded as scientific. The relationship between theory and methods. Debates about subjectivity, objectivity and value freedom. The relationship between sociology and social policy. TheRead MoreInterpretivism7441 Words   |  30 Pagespublished works outlining a â€Å"feminist† approach to social science research, these books have generally steered clear of quantitative survey research. Some authors of feminist 1 2— Feminist Measures in Survey Research methods texts limit their discussion of feminist survey research to a small section (e.g., Hesse-Biber, 2007; Reinharz, 1992; Sprague, 2005), while others overlook survey research entirely (e.g., Hesse-Biber, Gilmartin, Lydenberg, 1999; Jaggar, 2008; Naples, 2003). Sociologist JoeyRead MoreSocial Power of the News Media12127 Words   |  49 PagesThis power is not restricted to the influence of the media on their audiences, but also involves the role of the media within the broader framework of the social, cultural, political, or economic power structures of society. In order to focus this discussion better, I limit it to the news media, and in particular to the press, thus ignoring the undoubtedly pivotal role of television and other media genres in mass communication.2 10 Political Communication in Action The theoretical framework forRead MoreEssay on Like water for chocolate6961 Words   |  28 Pagesrelationships between the word (signifier) and the thing that the word represents (signified); in short, realism appeals to our ideologically constructed sense of the real and addresses the reader in such a manner as to incite a â€Å"Yes. That’s it, that’s how it really is† response. Realists are often impelled by social reform, often focus on people in social situations that require compromise, develop characters that are unheroic— flawed and unable to be â€Å"true to themselves†--, and often emphasize externalRead MoreMarxism and Class, Gender and Race: Rethinking the Trilogy5203 Words   |  21 Pagesfeature of most social science publications today, especially those about inequality, is the ritual critique of Marx and Marxism in the process of introducing theoretical alternatives intended to remedy its alleged failures. This practice became popular in early feminist literature: Marx and Marxists were criticized for not developing an in-depth analysis of the oppression of women, their economism, class reductionism, and sex blind categories of analysis. Soon after it became common placeRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pages Rastafari This page intentionally left blank Rastafari From Outcasts to Culture Bearers Ennis Barrington Edmonds 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata KualaRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesOrganizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical argument with application and consideration of how managment practice is formed and shaped by ideas and concepts. The authors have brought their wealth of experienceRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPublic Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A PoliticalRead MoreHonour Killing in Pakistan19346 Words   |  78 Pages...................................................................... 15 5.1-Being Trapped Between Two Patriarchal Controllers ................................................................. 15 5.2-†Honour killings† In The pretext of Illicit Relations ..................................................................... 15 5.3-â€Å"Honour Killings† As Punishment for Seeking Divorce................................................................ 16 5.4-â€Å"Honour killings† After Rape ................

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Personal Taxpayer Compliance Costs

Question: Discuss about the Personal Taxpayer Compliance Costs. Answer: Introduction: In this case, various information pertaining to Jane Brown has been provided. The issue is to calculate the net tax payable or refundable during the current tax year. The tax is calculated by applying the various provisions of the relevant law. The section 4-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act provides that the every individual, company and other entities is required to pay income tax. The section 4-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act provides that tax payable is calculated by applying the tax rate with the taxable income (Saad et al. 2014). The section 4-15 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 provides that taxable income is calculate by subtracting allowable deduction from the assessable income. The assessable income of a taxpayer is classified into ordinary income and statutory income. The section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act provides that income according to the ordinary concept is known as the ordinary income (Saad 2014). The income other than ordinary income is known as the statutory income as per section 6-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act. In both the section 6-5 and 6-10 of act it is provided that in case of resident taxpayer income received from all the sources are taxable and in case of non-resident the income received from Australia is taxable. Therefore, it can be said that determination of residential status of the taxpayer is essential before calculating the taxable income. The section 6-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 provides four rules that should be applied for determining the residential status of the taxpayer. However, in this case there is insufficient information so it is assumed that the Jane Brown is a resident of Australia for the purpose of tax (Birt et al. 2014). The division 6 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 deals with the trust income. The net income of the trust is worked out on the assumption that the trustee is resident. The net income of the family trust can be distributed to the beneficiary in any way it deems fit. The act also provides that a trust is not required to pay income tax on the amount distributed (Binning and Young 2015). The trust is only required to pay tax on the undistributed income. The beneficiary is required to pay tax on the amount distributed by the family trust. It should be noted that it is not a special income so it should be included in the assessable income and taxed at marginal rate. In this case, Jane has received an amount of $2000 from the family. Therefore based on the discussion it can be said that the receipt from the trust should be in the assessable income (Tran-Nam et al. 2014). The section 44 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 states that the assessable income of the resident shareholder of the company shall include dividend. The dividend are the profit distributed by the company earned from any source. The dividend received is also an ordinary income as per section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. In this case, the fully franked dividend of Jane should be included in the assessable income. In this case, as the information provided is insufficient so it is assumed that $20000 is the gross dividend (Taylor and Richardson 2013). The salary is an assessable income under section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment 1997. Therefore, the salary amount received by Jane should be included in the assessable income. The salary that should be included is the gross salary therefore the PAYG should be added with the net salary. The commissioner based on the section 15-25 and 15-30 of the Tax Administration Act 1953 develops the withholding schedule (Brown et al. 2015). The interest is an ordinary income as per section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997; therefore, the interest income of $475 should be included in the assessable income. The income from investment should be included in the assessable income as per section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. In this case, the income that is received from rental property should be included in the assessable income. The section 8-1 of the income Tax Assessment act states that the taxpayer can deduct from the assessable income any outgoing that is necessary fort earning then assessable income. Hence, in this case the expenses that are incurred for the income from investment property should be deducted. The be\net amount should be included in the assessable income (Farrell 2016). The section 102-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 states that the assessable income should include the net capital gain during the year. In this case, as the shares were acquired on 2009 so the discount method is applied. An individual can make the section 115-10 of the ITAA 1997 states that discount capital gain. The insurance premium paid for income protection is deductible as the amount received is taxable (Kucukvar et al. 2014). Based on the above discussion the taxable income is calculated. The calculation shows that the tax payable is $34715. The calculation is given below. Calculation of Taxable income of Jane for the year 2015-16 Particulars References Amount Amount Figure Authority Income received from Trust ITAA 36 Division 36 $20,000.00 Dividend Income Fully Franked (Net) $14,000.00 franking Credit $6,000.00 Gross Dividend ITAA 36 s44 ITAA 97 s6.5 $20,000.00 Salary Income ITAA 97 s6.5 $79,000.00 Interest income ITAA 97 s6.5 $475.00 Rent Income ITAA 97 s6.5 $35,000.00 Capital gain from sale of shares Sales proceed $3,500.00 Less: Cost of Acquisition $800.00 Gross capital Gain $2,700.00 Less: Discount @ 50% $1,350.00 Net Capital Gain ITAA 97 s102.5 s115.10 $1,350.00 Assessable Income $155,825.00 Allowable Deductions Repair ITAA 97 s8.1 $2,000.00 Interest on Mortgage ITAA 97 s8.1 $15,000.00 rates ITAA 97 s8.1 $2,500.00 Insurance ITAA 97 s8.1 $500.00 investment advise ITAA 97 s8.1 $250.00 Insurance for Income Protection ITAA 97 s8-1 $1,000.00 Total deduction $21,250.00 Taxable income $134,575.00 Tax on taxable income ($17547+.37(134575-80000)) $37,739.75 Medicare Levy $2,691.50 Medicare levy surcharge 1682.19 Gross Tax Payable 42113.44 Tax offsets/Rebates/ Credits Special Zone Rebate ITAA 36 s79A 1173.00 franking credit ITAA 97 s205.15 -$8,571.43 Tax Payable $34,715.01 Less: PAYG $(18828.00) Net tax Payable 15887.01 Disregarded Items Type Help debt $20000 Table 1: calculation of Taxable income (Source: Created by Author) In this case, the Green Pty Ltd is a resident company the issue here is to ascertain the taxable income and calculate the taxable income. The Income tax Assessment Act provides that the business income are taxable. The section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 states that expenses that are made for earning assessable income are allowed as deduction. The section 27-15 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 provides that the input tax credit can be deducted as loss or outgoing under this act. Hence, it can be said that the company will have to adjust expenses to GST the element (Richardson et al. 2013). It is assumed that the dividend amount provided is gross. In general, the company tax rate is 30%. However, for small business company tax rate is 28.5%. The business is said to be small if the aggregate turnover from the business is less than 2 million (Griffiths 2015). In the given case, the turnover of the Green Pty Ltd is less than the 2 million so 28.5% rate will apply. The calculation is given below: Computation of the Taxable Income and Tax Payable for Green Pty Ltd Particular Reference Amount Amount Figure Authority Sales ITAA 97 s6.5 $313,636.36 Dividend fully franked $10,260.00 Add: franking Credit $4,397.14 Gross Dividend ITAA 36 s44 ITAA 97 s6.5 $14,657.14 Interest ITAA 97 s6.5 $900.00 Compensation from client ITAA 97 s6.5 $4,000.00 Net Capital gain ITAA 97 s102.5 s115.10 $4,000.00 Assessable Income $337,193.51 Allowable Deduction Advertising ITAA 97 s8.1 $909.09 Bad debts ITAA 97 s8.1 $900.00 Bank Charges ITAA 97 s8.1 $150.00 Capital expenditure (qualifies for immediate deduction) ITAA 97 s8.1 $2,727.27 Cost of sales ITAA 97 s8.1 $54,545.45 Sub-contractor expenses ITAA 97 s8.1 $20,909.09 Depreciation expenses ITAA 97 s8.1 $5,500.00 Electricity ITAA 97 s8.1 $800.00 Entertainment ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,818.18 Environmental protection (disposal of chemicals) ITAA 97 s8.1 $600.00 Fines (speeding and parking tickets) ITAA 97 s8.1 $500.00 Insurance ITAA 97 s8.1 $600.00 Interest expenses within Australia ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,200.00 Lease expenses within Australia ITAA 97 s8.1 $4,000.00 Motor Vehicle 3rd Party insurance ITAA 97 s8.1 $550.00 Motor Vehicle expenses (petrol maintenance) ITAA 97 s8.1 $3,636.36 Motor Vehicle Registration ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,200.00 Rent expenses ITAA 97 s8.1 $10,727.27 Stationery Office supplies ITAA 97 s8.1 $181.82 Tea, coffee, sugar milk for staff use ITAA 97 s8.1 $100.00 Telstra (Phones Internet) ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,818.18 Wages ITAA 97 s8.1 $45,000.00 Total deduction $158,372.73 Taxable Income $178,820.78 Tax on Taxable Income @28.5% $50,963.92 Tax offsets/Rebates/ Credits Franking credit ITAA 97 s205.15 -$4,397.14 Tax Payable $46,566.78 Table 2: Taxable Income (Source: Created by Author) Reference Binning, C. and Young, M., 2015.TALKING TO THE TAXMAN ABOUT NATURE CONSERVATION_Proposals for the introduction of tax incentives for the protection of high conservation value native vegetation. Birt, J., Chalmers, K., Maloney, S., Brooks, A., Oliver, J. and Janson, P., 2014. Accounting: Business Reporting for Decision Making 5e. Borowski, A., 2013. Risky by design: The mandatory private pillar of Australia's retirement income system.Social Policy Administration,47(6), pp.749-764. Brown, C., Handley, J. and O'Day, J., 2015. The dividend substitution hypothesis: Australian evidence.Abacus,51(1), pp.37-62. Carney, T., 2014. Where Now Australia's Welfare State?. Farrell, J., 2016. Tax and Time Travel: Looking Back and Looking Forward-A Tax Administrator's Perspective.J. Australasian Tax Tchrs. Ass'n,11, p.27. Forsyth, P., Dwyer, L., Spurr, R. and Pham, T., 2014. The impacts of Australia's departure tax: Tourism versus the economy?.Tourism Management,40, pp.126-136. Ghamgosar, M., Erarslan, N. and Williams, D.J., 2014. Assessment of rock mechanics parameters for improved waste disposal management and containment. In7th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics: iceg2014(p. 272). Engineers Australia. Griffiths, K., 2015. Criminalising bribery in a corporate world.Current Issues Crim. Just.,27, p.251. Kucukvar, M., Egilmez, G. and Tatari, O., 2014. Sustainability assessment of US final consumption and investments: triple-bottom-line inputoutput analysis.Journal of Cleaner Production,81, pp.234-243. Lignier, P., Evans, C. and Tran-Nam, B., 2014. Tangled up in tape: The continuing tax compliance plight of the small and medium enterprise business sector. Raftery, A.M., 2014.The size, cost, asset allocation and audit attributes of Australian self-managed superannuation funds(Doctoral dissertation, School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of NSW). Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Saad, N., Udin, N.M. and Derashid, C., 2014. Complexity of the Malaysian income tax act 1967: Readability assessment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,164, pp.606-612. Silver, N., McGregor-Lowndes, M. and Tarr, J.A., 2016. Should Tax Incentives for Charitable Giving Stop at Australia's Borders.Sydney L. Rev.,38, p.85. Snape, J. and De Souza, J., 2016.Environmental taxation law: policy, contexts and practice. Routledge. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G., 2013. The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,22(1), pp.12-25. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G., 2014. Incentives for corporate tax planning and reporting: Empirical evidence from Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,10(1), pp.1-15. Tran-Nam, B., Evans, C. and Lignier, P., 2014. Personal taxpayer compliance costs: Recent evidence from Australia.Austl. Tax F.,29, p.137.

Tuesday, March 10, 2020

Military Forces and Politics of Iran

Military Forces and Politics of Iran Introduction Military forces in third world countries have taken a central role in political systems of these countries. The military forces are active in both the political process and political discourse in their countries.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Military Forces and Politics of Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Middle East in general and Iran in particular military forces are playing a pivotal role in the control of both political and state machinery and are critical in shaping the political events of Iran (Iranian Research 1). Military forces and politics in Iran The genesis of the role of politics in Iran was in the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty which was realized through military coup organized by Reza Shah in 1921 and the second monarch followed suit by relying on military forces to maintain the continuity of his regime. The reliance of Iran in military power is due to the challenges it faces from the west due to its stand on nuclear power and public demand for both economic and political reforms (Iran politics 1). The formulation of Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) guidance rules in the 1980 which was dubbed â€Å"obligation of the guards† stated that the IRGC was to liaise and cooperate with the government on both security and military matters which was to include the arrest of all counterrevolutionary movements and also to disarm unauthorized persons. This already made the IRGC a politico-military organization with the responsibility to tackle domestic opposition. The Iranian forces underwent transformation following the disagreement among its members after the collapse of the Pahlavi monarchy. TAdvertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More hese events gave birth to the creation of a new military force in 1979 known as the Islamic Re volutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) which first developed as a parallel institution to the already existing military force but aimed at protecting the Islamic Republic (Iranian Research 1). In the performance of their domestic functions, the IGRC are linked with regular and other internal security forces and it is in this line that have made them controversial in their service since they are used to oppress and suppress or quell any street unrest. The inherent factor that links the military forces and the politics of Iran is that those who occupy positions in the military hierarchy are appointed by the president and their loyalty is to the serving president and government of the day (Iranian Research 1). This is evident in the current political situation where President Mohammed Ahmedinajad’s nine appointees are from the IRGC who are war veterans from the Iraq-Iran war of 1988. He has also appointed 30 governors from the ORGC ranks. This is a clear testimony of how militarized Ir anian politics and government is. There are several centers of power in Iran which revolve around the political, economic and military figures. The military sphere which is dominantly the IRGC has developed as one of the prominent center of power and dominate over the other centers of power. The strength of the IRGC was evidenced following the military threats by the United States of America and also the frequent confrontation between the west and Iran which the IRGC has managed to thwart. In the contemporary times, the power of the IRGC has tremendously grown politically, it for example controls all the state sponsored media. They also took part in the 2004 legislative elections and managed to win in several towns and cities. They had also organized to control the executive branch of government in the 2005 presidential elections. The leadership of the military has been interlinked with the leadership of the regime and their responsibility in this sense is to intervene politically w hen the need arises.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Military Forces and Politics of Iran specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The revolutionary of the IRGC has also expanded their influence into the economic sphere of life by endearing itself to control major financial and economic investments in the country. They did this by justifying that it was meant to finance the activities of the IRGC (Green et al. 1). This militarization of the Iranian politics has raised a lot of criticisms from the reformists of the anti-establishment. This is because the IRGC is in favor of the current order and will try all they can to ensure there are no anti-government protests or even voices. It is argued that the excessive militarization of politics cast doubt into the power and ability of the Iran military in international politics and external defense (Ward 1). Conclusion The military forces of Iran have encountered numerous chal lenges that might render them unable not only to protect the country externally but also in performing the role of preserving the ideologies of the regime. One of these problems is the division of the military into the regular and IRGC which has created mistrust and suspicion, the unrest that has rocked the Islamic republic is largely linked to the latent tension between the military ranks and also the political leadership. This has the potential of driving the country towards the path of instability. Also the excessive militarization of politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran may be a threat to the politics of the country since there is a history of the military turning against the government by leading coups which is always a feature praetorian political system. Green et al. Understanding Iran, Rand Corporation monograph series Volume 771 of MG (Rand Corporation). New York: Rand Corporation, 2009. Print.Advertising Looking for term paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Iranian politics. The Militarization of Iranian politics. IAA, 2009. Web. Retrieved from aei.org/ Iranian Research. Iranian Analysis. Journal of Iranian research and analysis, 1999. Web. Ward, Ross. Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces. New York: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print.

Sunday, February 23, 2020

The Aging in the Workforce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Aging in the Workforce - Research Paper Example The examination of Kooji’s article could easily bring a clear view of the mistakes that the different social groups do to solve the age sociological problems. Moreover, as Anderson et al. present their view on the medical problems, we come to realize that the medical problems that the aged people experience have a close link to the economic problems. It is because of the health issues in the elderly individual that result to the economic conundrum in the American society. As a person becomes sick, he will seek medical attention. That would require money and in the process of treatments there is a social interaction that builds up among the patients, the old who may be sick and the probably young doctors in the hospital. More sick aged people who are also sickling will also mean there will be the recruitment of more doctors that is also an economic problem. In conclusion, the three aspects have a very close relationship, and the summary above elucidate on these vital similarities. The table examined the key ideas in the works of the scholars that wrote the journals. Anderson, L., Goodman, R., Holtzman, D., Posner, S., & Northridge, M. (2012). Aging in the United States: Opportunities and challenges for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(3), 393-395.

Thursday, February 6, 2020

Core Assessment Social Inequality Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Core Assessment Social Inequality - Term Paper Example In the above context, Mayer quotes Arthur Stinchcombe (1987) about demographic explanations and emphasizes the importance of historical changes. However, there is no dispute that the society in which one is born is the basic reason for the inequality an individual faces in his lifetime. The next aspect is regarding demographical differences that decide the formations in society. In addition to that the internal temporal ordering of individuals guided by race, class, social status, age and gender also play an important role in deciding the social inequality. Regarding life course and social inequality it is important to consider the institutional configurations in a society. In the above context it is important to observe the personality development and social conditions that affect social inequality and its affect on course of life. Hence, one can understand that the close link between psychological and socio-psychological, social and historical perspectives need focus while analyzin g and discussing the affect of social inequality in an individual's life. The affect of social inequality in making one gaining advantage or disadvantage due to the allocation of power due to the different aspects mentioned above is important in the analysis of this paper (Karl Ulrich Mayer, 2008). The social class and family structure are interconnected as the last fifty years witnessed the changes in household and family structure. ... is context Annemette Sorenson, (2008) quotes Lestaeghe (1995) about profound changes in economic foundations of marriage and gender relations that pave the way for inequality between contemporary individuals. As a family members share resources intra-generationally as well as across the generations, the influence of family on the members is decides their behavior in the society and the inequality in life course. In this context, the class position can be estimated by the position of male head of the household and when the single parent families began to rise, the family head definition itself has been changed. However, when married women's employment has been common, the financial status of the family decided the status and class of an individual. In the above mentioned situation, the social mobility of women decided the class of children in society. However, the experiences of children state that the class position also depends on designation and financial status of parents. However , in the above context, if the parents take divorce, the resultant life affects the class of the child and it is a major challenge to face social inequality thus arises. After that the economic and social conditions arise from the point of fact that the family being and economic and social unit. Hence, class boundaries decide the economic and social status of an individual. However, if the family's class position depends on designation of husband and wife, the social mobility decides the classification. Hence, social mobility as well as the designations of working husband and wife and the financial status irrespective of work status of women decides the class of a person in the society. Though the social mobility due to women empowerment decides the class of a family, the class of family